Star Spangled Banner

We thought that even if many of us know about this, it is a nice refresher......
Unless you know all four stanzas of the Star Spangled Banner you may
find this most interesting. Perhaps most of you didn't realize what
Francis Scott Key's profession was or what he was doing on a ship. This
is a good brush-up on your history.

(Editor's Note- Near the end of his life, the great science fiction
author Isaac Asimov wrote a short story about the four stanzas of our
national anthem. However brief, this well-circulated piece is an eye
opener from the dearly departed doctor......)

' I have a weakness -- I am crazy, absolutely nuts, about our national
anthem. The words are difficult and the tune is almost impossible, but
frequently when I'm taking a shower I sing it with as much power and
emotion as I can. It shakes me up every time.'

NO REFUGE COULD SAVE
By Dr. Isaac Asimov

I was once asked to speak at a luncheon. Taking my life in my hands, I
announced I was going to sing our national anthem -- all four stanzas.
This was greeted with loud groans. One man closed the door to the
kitchen, where the noise of dishes and cutlery was loud and distracting.
'Thanks, Herb,' I said.

'That's all right,' he said. 'It was at the request of the kitchen
staff'

I explained the background of the anthem and then sang all four stanzas.
Let me tell you, those people had never heard it before -- or had never
really listened. I got a standing ovation. But it was not me; it was the
anthem.

More recently, while conducting a seminar, I told my students the story
of the anthem and sang all four stanzas. Again there was a wild ovation
and prolonged applause. And again, it was the anthem and not me.

So now let me tell you how it came to be written.

In 1812, the United States went to war with Great Britain, primarily
over freedom of the seas. We were in the right. For two years, we held
off the British, even though we were still a rather weak country. Great
Britain was in a life and death struggle with Napoleon. In fact, just as
the United States declared war, Napoleon marched off to invade Russia.
If he won, as everyone expected, he would control Europe, and Great
Britain would be isolated. It was no time for her to be involved in an
American war.

At first, our seamen proved better than the British. After we won a
battle on Lake Erie in 1813, the American commander, Oliver Hazard
Perry, sent the message, 'We have met the enemy and they are ours.'
However, the weight of the British navy beat down our ships eventually.
New England, hard-hit by a tightening blockade, threatened secession.

Meanwhile, Napoleon was beaten in Russia and in 1814 was forced to
abdicate. Great Britain now turned its attention to the United States,
launching a three-pronged attack.

The northern prong was to come down Lake Champlain toward New York and
seize parts of New England.

The southern prong was to go up the Mississippi, take New Orleans and
paralyze the west.

The central prong was to head for the mid-Atlantic states and then
attack Baltimore, the greatest port south of New York. If Baltimore was
taken, the nation, which still hugged the Atlantic coast, could be split
in two. The fate of the United States, then, rested to a large extent on
the success or failure of the central prong.

The British reached the American coast, and on August 24, 1814, took
Washington, D.C. Then they moved up the Chesapeake Bay toward Baltimore.
On September 12, they arrived and found 1,000 men in Fort McHenry, whose
guns controlled the harbor. If the British wished to take Baltimore,
they would have to take the fort.

On one of the British ships was an aged physician, William Beanes, who
had been arrested in Maryland and brought along as a prisoner. Francis
Scott Key, a lawyer and friend of the physician, had come to the ship to
negotiate his release.

The British captain was willing, but the two Americans would have to
wait. It was now the night of September 13, and the bombardment of Fort
McHenry was about to start.

As twilight deepened, Key and Beanes saw the American flag flying over
Fort McHenry. Through the night, they heard bombs bursting and saw the
red glare of rockets. They knew the fort was resisting and the American
flag was still flying. But toward morning the bombardment ceased, and a
dread silence fell. Either Fort McHenry had surrendered and the British
flag flew above it, or the bombardment had failed and the American flag
still flew.

As dawn began to brighten the eastern sky, Key and Beanes stared out at
the fort, trying to see which flag flew over it. He and the physician
must have asked each other over and over, 'Can you see the flag?'

After it was all finished, Key wrote a four stanza poem telling the
events of the night. Called 'The Defense of Fort McHenry,' it was
published in newspapers and swept the nation. Someone noted that the
words fit an old English tune called, 'To Anacreon in Heaven' -- a
difficult melody with an uncomfortably large vocal range. For obvious
reasons, Key's work became known as 'The Star Spangled Banner,' and in
1931 Congress declared it the official anthem of the United States.

Now that you know the story, here are the words. Presumably, the old
doctor is speaking. This is what he asks Key:

Oh! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there.
Oh! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

('Ramparts,' in case you don't know, are the protective walls or other
elevations that surround a fort.) The first stanza asks a question. The
second gives an answer:

On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mist of the deep
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep.
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream
'Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

'The towering steep' is again, the ramparts. The bombardment has failed,
and the British can do nothing more but sail away, their mission a
failure. In the third stanza I feel Key allows himself to gloat over the
American triumph. In the aftermath of the bombardment, Key probably was
in no mood to act otherwise? During World War I when the British were
our Staunchest allies, this third stanza was not sung. However, I know
it, so here it is:

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

(The fourth stanza, a pious hope for the future, should be sung more
slowly than the other three and with even deeper feeling):

Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation,
Blest with victory and peace, may the Heaven - rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, for our cause is just,
And this be our motto --'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

I hope you will look at the national anthem with new eyes. Listen to it,
the next time you have a chance, with new ears. Pay attention to the
words. And don't let them ever take it away ... not even one word of it.
And yes, it should be sung in English